Important BSA Provisions Every Law Student Should Study

The Law of Evidence bridges substantive rights with court procedure. BSA 2023 clarifies that modern electronic files, digital signatures, and cryptographic metadata are full-fledged evidentiary documents.

### 1. Relevancy of Facts (Sections 3–16) - Section 4: Doctrine of Res Gestae (facts forming part of same transaction - old Sec 6). - Section 6: Facts which are the occasion, cause, or effect of facts in issue (old Sec 7). - Section 7: Motive, preparation, and previous or subsequent conduct (old Sec 8). ### 2. Admissions & Confessions (Sections 15–29) - Section 22 (Old Sec 25): Confession made to a police officer shall not be proved against an accused person. - Section 24 (Old Sec 27): Information leading to discovery of a material object/weapon is admissible to that limited extent. ### 3. Electronic & Documentary Evidence (Sections 56–63) - Section 57: Primary evidence definition, including multiple simultaneous electronic generations. - Section 61: Admissibility of electronic records. - Section 63: Mandatory certificate for electronic records (Old Sec 65B). ### 4. Burden of Proof & Estoppel (Sections 104–121) - Section 104: Burden of proof lies on the person asserting a fact (old Sec 101). - Section 117: Presumption as to Dowry Death under Section 80 BNS (old Sec 113B). - Section 121: Doctrine of Estoppel (old Sec 115). ### 5. Examination of Witnesses (Sections 137–166) - Section 141 & 142: Examination-in-Chief, Cross-Examination, and Re-Examination. - Section 146: Leading Questions rules.